This chapter covers the following official CCNA 200-301 exam topic:
Configure, verify, and troubleshoot single area OSPFv2 for IPv4
This chapter ensures that you understand OSPFv2 for the CCNA 200-301 exam from Cisco Systems. It is wonderful to see Cisco Systems finally bidding farewell to RIP when it comes to dynamic routing protocol coverage in the CCNA exam. Instead, the focus now is on a very scalable, exciting, and popular modern routing protocol option: OSPF version 2. This is the OSPF version designed for IPv4.
This chapter covers the following essential terms and components:
OSPFv2
network command
Process ID
Router ID
Designated router (DR)
Backup designated router (BDR)
Point-to-point network type
Broadcast network type
Point-to-multipoint network type
Non-broadcast network type
Point-to-multipoint non-broadcast network type
Chapter Pretest
1. What aspect of OSPF makes the protocol hierarchical and permits the creation of very scalable networks?
_________
2. What single OSPF router configuration command allows the assignment of OSPF area 0 to all interfaces in the range 10.0.0.0 to 10.255.255.255?
_________
Answers
1. OSPF areas
2. network 10.0.0.0 0.255.255.255 area 0
Configure, Verify, and Troubleshoot Single Area OSPFv2 for IPv4
Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) is a beloved link-state routing protocol that is extremely configurable and scalable. It uses areas to reduce the size of convergence domains in the topology and ensure that scalability can be maintained. Remember that a convergence domain describes the set of routers that need to update their routing information whenever there is a change within that set.
OSPF version 2 is the current IPv4-only version of OSPF. OSPF version 3 is a standard for routing either IPv4 or IPv6 or both IPv4 and IPv6 simultaneously.
Figure 16.1 shows a sample topology, and Example 16.1 shows the configuration of OSPF in a single area of this topology, using the network command.
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Figure 16.1 Sample OSPF Topology
Example 16.1 Configuring Single Area OSPFv2 Using the network Command
R1# R1# configure terminal R1(config)# router ospf 1 R1(config-router)# network 10.10.10.1 0.0.0.0 area 0 R1(config-router)# network 1.1.1.1 0.0.0.0 area 0 R1(config-router)# end R1# R2# R2# configure terminal R2(config)# router ospf 1 R2(config-router)# network 10.0.0.0 0.255.255.255 area 0 R2(config-router)# network 2.2.2.2 0.0.0.0 area 0 R2(config-router)# end R2# R3# R3# configure terminal R3(config)# router ospf 1 R3(config-router)# network 10.20.20.3 0.0.0.0 area 0 R3(config-router)# network 3.3.3.3 0.0.0.0 area 0 R3(config-router)# end R3#
Notice the following details in the configuration in Example 16.1:
router ospf 1: This command enters router configuration mode for OSPFv2 and sets a process ID of 1; this number is locally significant and does not need to match on the neighboring router.
network 10.10.10.1 0.0.0.0 area 0: The network command sets the interface(s) that will run OSPF for this process; note that the wildcard mask 0.0.0.0 indicates that OSPF will run on the specific interface that has the IP address 10.10.10.1 (fa0/0); notice also that this interface participates in area 0, which is the backbone or core area for OSPF; all other areas must have contact with this backbone.
Example 16.2 shows how to easily verify OSPF.
Example 16.2 Verifying Single Area OSPF
R1#
R1# show ip ospf neighbor
Neighbor ID Pri State Dead Time Address Interface
2.2.2.2 1 FULL/BDR 00:00:37 10.10.10.2 FastEthernet0/0
R1# show ip route
Codes: L - local, C - connected, S - static, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP
D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area
N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2
E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2
i - IS-IS, su - IS-IS summary, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2
ia - IS-IS inter area, * - candidate default, U - per-user static route
o - ODR, P - periodic downloaded static route, + - replicated route
Gateway of last resort is not set
1.0.0.0/8 is variably subnetted, 2 subnets, 2 masks
C 1.1.1.0/24 is directly connected, Loopback0
L 1.1.1.1/32 is directly connected, Loopback0
2.0.0.0/32 is subnetted, 1 subnets
O 2.2.2.2 [110/2] via 10.10.10.2, 00:32:13, FastEthernet0/0
3.0.0.0/32 is subnetted, 1 subnets
O 3.3.3.3 [110/3] via 10.10.10.2, 00:19:12, FastEthernet0/0
10.0.0.0/8 is variably subnetted, 3 subnets, 2 masks
C 10.10.10.0/24 is directly connected, FastEthernet0/0
L 10.10.10.1/32 is directly connected, FastEthernet0/0
O 10.20.20.0/24 [110/2] via 10.10.10.2, 00:32:33, FastEthernet0/0
R1# ping 3.3.3.3
Type escape sequence to abort.
Sending 5, 100-byte ICMP Echos to 3.3.3.3, timeout is 2 seconds:
!!!!!
Success rate is 100 percent (5/5), round-trip min/avg/max = 20/52/64 ms
R1#
Example 16.2 includes the following commands:
show ip ospf neighbor: This command permits you to verify that you have an OSPF adjacency with your neighbor(s).
show ip route: This command permits you to see the OSPF learned route information.
ping 3.3.3.3: This command tests for full reachability; notice in Example 16.2, the R1 device is pinging an OSPF learned route from R3.
Example 16.3 demonstrates single area OSPF configuration without the use of the network command.
Example 16.3 Configuring Single Area OSPF Without the Use of the network Command
R1# R1# configure terminal R1(config)# interface fa0/0 R1(config-if)# ip ospf 1 area 0 R1(config-if)# interface lo0 R1(config-if)# ip ospf 1 area 0 R1(config-if)# end R1# R2# R2# configure terminal R2(config)# interface fa0/0 R2(config-if)# ip ospf 1 area 0 R2(config-if)# interface fa1/0 R2(config-if)# ip ospf 1 area 0 R2(config-if)# interface loopback 0 R2(config-if)# ip ospf 1 area 0 R2(config-if)# end R2# R3# R3# configure terminal R3(config)# interface fa0/0 R3(config-if)# ip ospf 1 area 0 R3(config-if)# interface loopback 0 R3(config-if)# ip ospf 1 area 0 R3(config-if)# end R3#
Notice how simple it is to configure OSPF under the appropriate interfaces. As you can see, you do not have to enter OSPF router configuration mode at all for a basic configuration.
If you examine the show ip ospf neighbor command closely, you will notice some very interesting details in the output. First, note that the neighbor ID is listed. In Example 16.2, the neighbor ID value is 2.2.2.2. This is actually the router ID value for the OSPF speaker. This value is very important for various functions in OSPF. In fact, the router ID can be used in the election process of the DR and BDR devices in certain types of OSPF network configurations. This concept is discussed later in this chapter.
You can manually set a router ID for an OSPF router by using the router-id command, or you can allow the router to self-assign this value. How does the router choose its own router ID? It follows this order:
Use the manually configured router ID (if you configured it).
Use the numerically highest IP address on a loopback interface.
Use the numerically highest IP address on a non-loopback interface.
The show ip ospf neighbor command also indicates the current state of the neighbor. If you examine the output shown in Example 16.2, you will notice the state listed as FULL/BDR.
OSPF uses the following states in its operation in order to build and maintain neighbor relationships:
Down
Attempt
Init
2-Way
Exstart
Exchange
Loading
Full
If there is a problem with a configuration or the underlying network, you might run your neighbor verification command and learn that your OSPF routers are stuck in one of the states that was supposed to be a transition state from Down to Full. Obviously, such information can help you dramatically in your troubleshooting.
What about the BDR indication in the output in Example 16.2? This indicates that the peer router is fulfilling the role of the backup designated router (BDR). The designated router (DR) and the BDR are used in certain types of network configurations for OSPF. They try to make the operation of OSPF more efficient by reducing the number of advertisements that must be made when sharing network information. Here is a list of the network types that are possible in OSPF and whether each one uses a DR and BDR in the operations of the protocol:
Broadcast: DR/BDR used
Non-broadcast: DR/BDR used
Point-to-point: No DR/BDR
Point-to-multipoint: No DR/BDR
Point-to-multipoint non-broadcast: No DR/BDR
Lab 16.1: OSPFv2
To complete this Hands-On Lab Practice Assignment, download the assigned Packet Tracer file from the book’s companion website and perform the lab on your locally installed version of Packet Tracer. You will be following the instructions in the lab, and your performance will be evaluated.
In this lab, you will configure and verify OSPFv2 using the topology shown in Figure 16.2.
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Figure 16.2 The OSPFv2 Lab
Topic Quiz
1. Which statement about OSPFv2 is true?
The dead timers do not need to match between neighbors.
The hello timers do not need to match between neighbors.
The area ID must match between neighbors.
The network command must be used.
2. What command can you use to verify neighbors in OSPFv2?
show ospf neighbors
show ip ospf neighbors
show ospf database neighbors
show ospf peers
Topic Quiz Answers
1. C is correct. Area ID and hello and dead timers must match between neighbors.
2. B is correct. The show ip ospf neighbors command permits the verification of OSPF peerings.
Lab 16.2: Chapter Review
To complete this Hands-On Lab Practice Assignment, download the assigned Packet Tracer file from the book’s companion website and perform the lab on your locally installed version of Packet Tracer. You will be following the instructions in the lab, and your performance will be evaluated.
In this lab, you will demonstrate the skills covered in this chapter using the topology shown in Figure 16.3.
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Figure 16.3 The OSPFv2 Chapter Review Lab
Review Questions
1. What command enters router configuration mode for OSPF version 2?
router ospf 1
router ospf version 2
ospf router version 1
router ospf process 1 version 2
2. You have configured OSPF on a router by using the command network 10.10.0.0 0.0.255.255 area 0. On which interface is OSPF running?
Gi0/0: 10.0.0.1 255.255.0.0
Gi0/1: 10.10.100.1 255.255.255.0
Gi0/2: 10.1.10.100 255.0.0.0
Gi0/3: 10.100.100.1 255.255.255.0
3. What does not have to match in order for an OSPF neighborship to form?
Area ID
MTU size
Hello and dead intervals
Use of the network command versus the ip ospf command
4. You have allowed a router to self-assign its router ID. What is the first option considered for the assignment on the device?
A random router ID assignment
The IP address on the highest-numbered interface name
The highest IP address on a physical interface
The highest IP address on a loopback interface
5. Which network type in OSPF features the use of a DR and a BDR?
Point-to-point
Broadcast
Point-to-multipoint
Point-to-multipoint non-broadcast
Answers to Review Questions
1. A is correct. The router ospf 1 command enters router configuration mode for OSPF. It uses the local process ID 1.
2. B is correct. The network 10.10.0.0 0.0.255.255 area 0 command ensures that OSPF runs on any interfaces that have IP addresses that have 10.10 in the first two octets. This is the Gi0/1 interface in this question.
3. D is correct. Neighborships can form in OSPF if one router uses the network command and the other uses the interface-level ip ospf command. Process IDs do not need to match between routers either.
4. D is correct. If you do not manually configure a router ID, the highest IP address on a loopback interface is used as the router ID. If there are no loopback interfaces, the router uses the highest IP address on a physical interface. If OSPF cannot find a configured IPv4 address, the OSPF process does not start.
5. B is correct. The DR and BDR devices are used in the broadcast and non-broadcast network types.