Introduction to Personal Computer Hardware

Date: Jan 30, 2020 By Cisco Networking Academy and Allan Johnson. Sample Chapter is provided courtesy of .

In this sample chapter from the Cisco Networking Academy IT Essentials Labs and Study Guide Version 7, you will review the definition of a computer, safety guidelines, computer components, and the process for disassembling a computer.

A computer consists of hardware and software components. Hardware is the physical equipment. It includes the case, keyboard, monitor, cables, storage drives, motherboard, and power supply. Software includes the operating system and programs. The operating system, or OS, manages computer operations such as identifying, accessing, and processing information. Programs or applications perform different functions. Programs vary widely depending on the type of information that is accessed or generated.

This chapter reviews the definition of a computer, safety guidelines, computer components, and the process for disassembling a computer.

Study Guide

Personal Computers

Assembling a computer requires following general safety guidelines and includes a variety of components, tasks, and skills.

What Is in a Computer?

Computers include input devices, output devices, and internal components.

In Table 1-1, indicate whether the computer component is an input device, output device, or internal component.

Table 1-1 Identify the Computer Component

Computer Component	Input Device	Output Device	Internal Component
Mouse
Optical drive
Camera
Keyboard
Memory sticks
Speakers
Monitor
Network card
Storage drive
CPU
Headphones
Printer
Microphone
Motherboard
Power supply
Graphics card

Electrical and ESD Safety

Computer technicians must follow electrical and ESD safety guidelines to prevent damage to sensitive components, electrical fires, injuries, and fatalities.

Match the definition on the left with a term on the right. This exercise is a one-to-one matching.

Definitions

This buildup of an electric charge exists on a surface that comes into contact with another, differently charged surface.
It takes this many volts to damage a computer component.
It takes this many volts for a person to feel an electrostatic discharge.
This device should be attached to you when working with computer components.

Terms

____ 30 volts
____ 3000 volts
____ Static electricity
____ Antistatic wrist strap

PC Components

This section reviews computer components, which include input devices, output devices, and internal components.

Cases and Power Supplies

Desktop cases and power supplies are available in a variety of form factors. Power supplies include many different connectors for powering internal components.

Identify the Case Form Factor

Match the definition on the left with a form factor on the right. This exercise is a one-to-one matching.

Definitions

This case is typically located on the floor under, or beside, a desk or table.
This is a smaller version of the full-size tower and can be located on the user’s desk.
This computer case often had the monitor positioned on top and was popular with early computers.
In this case, all of the computer components are integrated into the display.

Form Factors

____ Horizontal case
____ Full-size tower
____ Compact tower
____ All-in-one

Identify the Power Supply Form Factor

Power supplies are responsible for converting alternating current (AC) to direct current (DC). Match the definition on the left with the power supply form factor on the right. This exercise is a one-to-one matching.

Definitions

The most common power supply in use today and includes a second motherboard connector.
Updated but obsolete Advanced Technology power supply.
Original power supply that is now considered obsolete.
Power supply commonly used in high-end desktop models.

Form Factors

____ EPS12V
____ AT Extended (ATX)
____ ATX12V
____ Advanced Technology (AT)

Label the Power Supply Connector

A power supply includes several different connectors to power various internal components, such as the motherboard and disk drives. Label each power supply connector in Figure 1-1.

FIGURE 1-1 Power Supply Connector

________________________________________________________________________

Identify the Power Supply Connector

A power supply includes several different connectors used to power various internal computer components. Match the definition on the left with the power supply connector on the right. This exercise is a one-to-one matching.

Definitions

Connects to legacy floppy drives.
Connects storage drives, optical drives, or other devices.
Connects to the motherboard.
Supplies power to internal components.
Supplies power to different areas of the motherboard.
Connects disk drives but is wider than Molex.

Form Factors

____ 20-pin or 24-pin slotted connector
____ 6/8-pin PCIe power connector
____ Berg keyed connector
____ Molex keyed connector
____ 4-pin to 8-pin auxiliary power connector
____ SATA keyed connector

Check Your Understanding—Cases and Power Supplies

Check your understanding of cases and power supplies by answering the following questions.

This power supply is the only choice that does not allow for +3.3 V.
1. AT
2. ATX
3. ATX12V
This power supply was originally designed for network servers but is now commonly used in high-end desktop models.
1. AT
2. ATX12V
3. EPS12V
This power supply is the most commonly used on the market today. It includes a second motherboard connector to provide dedicated power to the CPU. Several versions of this power supply are available.
1. AT
2. ATX12V
3. EPS12V
This connector has two rows of three to four pins and supplies power to internal components.
1. Molex
2. 6/8-pin PCIe power connector
3. 4-pin to 8-pin auxiliary power connector
This device connects hard drives, optical drives, or other devices.
1. Molex
2. 6/8-pin PCIe power connector
3. 4-pin to 8-pin auxiliary power connector

________________________________________________________________________

Motherboards

The motherboard, also known as the main board, is the backbone of the computer. Match the definition on the left with the term on the right. This exercise is a one-to-one matching.

Definitions

This older version of software is used to help boot the computer and manage the flow of data between the storage drive, video card, keyboard, mouse, and more.
This is the most common motherboard form factor.
This is considered the brain of the computer.
This is a temporary location to store data and instructions.
This device controls high-speed access to the RAM and video card and the speed at which the CPU communicates with all of the other components in the computer.
This older standard interface was used to connect disk drives to the motherboard.
This specifies a different software interface for boot and runtime services but still relies on BIOS for POST and setup.
This small motherboard form factor uses very little power, so fans are not needed to keep it cool.
This consists of the integrated circuits on the motherboard that control how system hardware interacts with the CPU and motherboard.
These provide locations to connect additional components.
This smaller motherboard form factor has fewer expansion slots.
This 19-pin connector is used to connect the external ports on the computer case to the motherboard.
This allows the CPU to communicate with slower speed devices including storage drives, USB ports, and expansion slots.
This disk drive interface is used for connecting optical drives, hard drives, and solid-state drives to the motherboard.

Terms

____ ATX
____ BIOS
____ Chipset
____ CPU
____ Expansion slots
____ IDE
____ Internal USB
____ ITX
____ Micro-ATX
____ Northbridge
____ RAM
____ SATA
____ Southbridge
____ UEFI

CPUs and Cooling Systems

The CPU is responsible for interpreting and executing instructions. Cooling systems are required because the flow of current between electronic components generates heat. Match the definition on the left with the term on the right. This exercise is a one-to-one matching.

Definitions

In this CPU architecture, the pins are in the socket instead of on the processor.
This is an example of passive cooling that is added to computer chips.
This term refers to the amount of force needed to install a CPU into the motherboard socket or slot.
This device is the connection between the motherboard and the processor.
This is an example of active cooling because it requires power.
In this CPU architecture, the pins are on the underside of the processor package.

Terms

____ Case fan
____ CPU socket
____ Heat sink
____ LGA
____ PGA
____ ZIF

Memory

Two basic types of computer memory include ROM and RAM. ROM chips are located on the motherboard and other circuit boards and include instructions such as booting the computer and loading the operating system. RAM is the temporary working storage for data and instructions that are being accessed by the CPU. Unlike ROM, RAM is volatile memory, which means that the contents are lost every time the computer is powered off.

Identify the Type of ROM

Match the definition on the left with the ROM type on the right. This exercise is a one-to-one matching.

Definitions

This nonvolatile memory chip can be erased by exposing it to strong ultraviolet light.
Information on this chip can be electrically erased or “flashed” without removing it from the computer.
Information is written on this chip after it is manufactured but cannot then be erased.
This is an obsolete chip on which information was written when manufactured and could not be erased.

ROM Type

____ EEPROM
____ EPROM
____ PROM
____ ROM

Identify the Type of RAM

Match the definition on the left with the RAM type on the right. This exercise is a one-to-one matching.

Definitions

This DRAM operates in synchronization with the memory bus and is able to process overlapping instructions in parallel.
This RAM transfers data twice as fast as SDRAM, supports two writes and two reads per CPU clock cycle, uses a 184-pin connector, and uses 2.5 volts.
This RAM requires constant power to function, is used for cache memory, and is much faster than DRAM.
This RAM doubles the clock rate of DDR2 while using only 1.5 volts.
This older technology, popular until the mid-1990s, gradually discharges energy, so it must be constantly refreshed with pulses of electricity in order to maintain the data stored in the chip.
This RAM for video graphics is used with a dedicated GPU to process massive amounts of data.
This RAM transfers data twice as fast as SDRAM, decreases noise and crosstalk, uses a 240-pin connector, and uses 1.8 volts.
This RAM quadruples the DDR3 maximum clock rate while using only 1.2 volts, uses a 288-pin connector, and includes advanced error correction.

RAM Type

____ DDR SDRAM
____ DDR2 SDRAM
____ DDR3 SDRAM
____ DDR4 SDRAM
____ DRAM
____ GDDR SDRAM
____ SDRAM
____ Static RAM

Identify the Memory Module Terminology

Match the definition on the left with the term on the right. This exercise is a one-to-one matching.

Definitions

This smaller, more condensed version of DIMM provides random-access data storage that is ideal for use in laptops, printers, and other devices where conserving space is desirable.
This memory module can detect multiple bit errors in memory and correct single bit errors.
This circuit board holds SDRAM, DDR SDRAM, DDR2 SDRAM, DDR3 SDRAM, and DDR4 SDRAM chips.
This memory module uses 8 bits for data and 1 bit for error checking.
This memory module has dual rows of pins used to attach it to the motherboard.
This cache is used for high-end workstations and servers.
This cache originally mounted on the motherboard close to the CPU but is not integrated into the CPU.
This memory module does not check for errors and is the most common RAM used for home and business computers.
This small circuit board holds several memory chips and comes in 30-pin or 72-pin configurations.
This cache is integrated into the CPU.

Terms

____ DIMM memory
____ DIP
____ ECC
____ L1
____ L2
____ L3
____ Nonparity
____ Parity
____ SIMM
____ SODIMM

Check Your Understanding—Memory

Check your understanding of memory by answering the following questions.

A user complains that her computer is running very slowly. What solution would help to speed it up?
1. Add more ROM.
2. Switch to L1 cache.
3. Add more RAM.
4. Use error correction code memory.
5. Erase and refresh the code in ROM.
Which memory module can support both 32-bit and 64-bit transfers of data?
1. DIP
2. SIMM
3. SODIMM
Error Correction Code memory can correct multiple bit errors.
1. True
2. False
Which statement best describes EPROM?
1. Data can be erased using a strong ultraviolet light.
2. Data is programmed on it when it is manufactured.
3. It is a type of volatile memory.
4. It is a type of RAM.
5. It can be programmed only once.
Which RAM from the list provides the fastest performance?
1. GDDR SDRAM
2. DDR3 SDRAM
3. DDR4 SDRAM
4. SDRAM
5. SRAM

________________________________________________________________________

Adapter Cards and Expansion Slots

Adapter cards increase the functionality of a computer by adding controllers for specific devices or by replacing malfunctioning ports. Adapter cards are installed in expansion slots on the motherboard.

Label the Adapter Card

Adapter cards come in many varieties, shapes, and sizes. They include sound adapters, NICs, video adapters, capture cards, eSATA cards, and more. Label each adapter card in Figure 1-2.

FIGURE 1-2 Adapter Cards

________________________________________________________________________

Identify the Expansion Slot

Match the definition on the left with the expansion slot on the right. This exercise is a one-to-one matching.

Definitions

This PCI extended slot updated the standard PCI. It uses a 32-bit bus and is up to four times faster than PCI, but these slots have become mostly obsolete.
This PCI Express slot has higher throughput and comes in x1, x4, x8, and x16 slots, which vary in length from shortest to longest, respectively.
Found in some laptops, these slots come in three different form factors: Type I, Type II, and Type III.
This provides additional expansion slots for more expansion cards.
These 32-bit or 64-bit expansion slots are mostly obsolete.
This is an obsolete high-speed slot for attaching a video card; it is now superseded by PCIe.

Expansion Slot

____ AGP
____ Mini-PCI
____ PCI
____ PCIe
____ PCI-X
____ Riser card

Check Your Understanding—Adapter Cards and Expansion Slots

Check your understanding of adapter cards and expansion slots by answering the following questions.

This adapter sends a video signal to a computer so that the signal can be recorded.
1. Capture card
2. Video adapter
3. eSATA card
This card adds additional expansion slots to a computer.
1. USB
2. Riser
3. SATA
This interface uses a 40-pin connector.
1. IDE
2. PCI
3. SATA
This interface supports hot swapping of storage drives.
1. IDE
2. PCI
3. SATA
This version of the PCI expansion slot is used in laptops.
1. PCIe
2. PCI-x
3. Mini-PCI

________________________________________________________________________

Hard Disk Drives and SSDs

Storage devices include hard disks, solid-state drives, optical drives, tape drives, and more.

Label the Storage Device

Label each storage device in Figure 1-3.

FIGURE 1-3 Storage Devices

________________________________________________________________________

Check Your Understanding—Storage Devices

Table 1-2 provides three descriptions of storage device types. Fill in the table with the type and examples of each.

Table 1-2 Storage Device Types and Examples

Type	Examples	Description
		Uses laser light to record or read data.
		Records bits as magnetized areas.
		Uses nonvolatile memory chips to save data.

Optical Storage Devices

Optical drives are a type of removable media storage device that uses lasers to read and write data on optical media.

Check Your Understanding—Optical Storage Devices

Table 1-3 describes three types of optical media. Fill in the table with the format and capacity options of each.

Table 1-3 Optical Storage Format and Capacity Options

Media	Format Options	Description	Capacity Options
CD		Prerecorded audio, software, or data
		Write once
		Write many
DVD		Prerecorded video, software, or data
		Write once
		Write many
BD		Prerecorded HD video, software, or data
		Write once
		Write many

Ports, Cables, and Adapters

Ports, cables, and adapters are used to connect various input and output devices.

Identify the Video Port and Cable

Match the definition on the left with the connector on the right. This exercise is a one-to-one matching.

Definitions

This standard that came after HDMI was designed to connect high-end graphics-capable PCs and displays, as well as home theater equipment and displays.
This analog video connector has 3 rows and 15 pins; it is also called a DE-15 or an HD-15 connector.
This was developed specifically for high-definition televisions but was also a good candidate for computers.
This is a high-speed connection of peripherals, such as storage drives, RAID arrays, and network interfaces, and it can transmit high-definition video.
This is often found in groups of three, where a yellow connector carries video and a pair of red and white connectors carries left and right audio channels.
This consists of 24 pins (3 rows of 8 pins) for digital signals, 4 pins for analog signals, and a flat pin called a ground bar.

Video Port and Cable

____ DisplayPort
____ DVI
____ HDMI
____ RCA
____ Thunderbolt
____ VGA

Label the Video Port and Cable

Label each video port and cable combination in Figure 1-4.

FIGURE 1-4 Video Ports and Cables

________________________________________________________________________

Identify the Other Ports and Cables

Match the definition on the left with the port and cable on the right. This exercise is a one-to-one matching.

Definitions

This has an L-shaped slot and 7-pin data cable; it includes a separate power cable.
This includes an analog port to connect to an external source, a microphone port, and line-out ports, and a port to connect to a joystick or MIDI-interfaced device.
This ribbon cable is used to connect storage drives inside the computer; floppy drives use a 34-pin cable; HDDs and optical drives use a 40-pin cable.
This 8-pin Ethernet port has a maximum cable length of 100 m (328 ft.).
This is a standard hot-swappable interface for connecting peripheral devices to a computer.
This is a 6-pin mini-DIN female connector for the keyboard and mouse. If the ports are not color-coded, look for a small figure of a mouse or keyboard next to each port.

Port and Cable

____ Audio and gameport
____ IDE
____ Network
____ PS/2
____ SATA
____ USB

Label the Other Port and Cable

Label each port and cable combination in Figure 1-5.

FIGURE 1-5 Other Ports and Cables

________________________________________________________________________

Label the Adapter or Converter

Adapters and converters connect different standards that are interoperable. An adapter physically connects one technology to another. A converter performs the same function as an adapter but also translates the signals from one technology to the other.

Label each port and cable combination in Figure 1-6. Indicate whether it is an adapter or a converter.

FIGURE 1-6 Other Ports and Cables

________________________________________________________________________

Input Devices

Many different types of input devices allow the user to communicate with a computer.

Identify the Input Device

Match the definition on the left with the input device on the right. This exercise is a one-to-one matching.

Definitions

This device uses a light source to read the information affixed to most products and translate the image into computer-readable content.
This device allows the user to control more than one computer while using the same input devices.
This pen allows the user to create 3D models by performing actions in mid-air.
This device digitizes a physical photograph or document that is then stored as a file that can be displayed, printed, emailed, or altered.
This device may be the size of a credit card with an embedded microprocessor for user authorization.
This biometric input device requires the user to speak into it for access.
This device allows users to speak into a computer and have their voice digitized.
This device is typically used with computer games, simulators, and training applications; it provides separate images for each eye.
This biometric input device requires the user to touch the device to log in.
This device uses a stylus to electronically capture a written authorization for purchases, agreements, or contracts.
This biometric input device scans user features to authorize access.
This device allows the user to control movement and views with sticks and multiple buttons.
These are the two most commonly used input devices for creating text and navigating GUIs.
This device captures images and videos that can be stored, displayed, printed, or altered.
These devices are used for tap-to-pay devices, such as credit cards or smartphones.
This device is typically used to stream live images onto the Internet.
This pressure-sensitive screen is used to input computer instructions.
This device reads information encoded on the back of plastic cards.

Input Devices

____ Flatbed scanner
____ Barcode scanner
____ Digital camera
____ Facial recognition scanner
____ Fingerprint scanner
____ Joystick and gamepad
____ Keyboard and mouse
____ KVM switch
____ Magnetic stripe reader
____ Microphone
____ NFC devices and terminals
____ Signature pad
____ Smart card
____ Stylus
____ Touch screen
____ Virtual reality headset
____ Voice recognition scanner
____ Webcam

Output Devices

An output device takes binary information from the computer and converts it into a form that is easily understood by the user.

Check Your Understanding—Output Devices

Match the characteristic on the left with the visual or auditory output device on the right. This exercise is a one-to-one matching.

Characteristic

These devices may be wired or wireless. Some are Wi-Fi or Bluetooth-enabled.
All these devices have hardware that must be maintained, and most also have software, in the form of drivers, that must be kept up to date.
These devices may have a variety of sensors including motion, external visual positioning, cameras, motion tracking, accelerometer, gyroscope, and magnetometer. Resolution and refresh rates vary.
In these devices, LED is an LCD display that uses LED backlighting. LED has lower power consumption than standard LCD backlighting, so the panel can be thinner, lighter, brighter, and have better contrast.
Most computers and mobile devices have audio support for these devices either integrated into the motherboard or on an adapter card. Audio support includes ports that allow input and output of audio signals.
These devices usually do not close off ambient light to users, allowing them to see their real-life surroundings.
For these devices, DLP stands for Digital Light Processing. DLP uses a spinning color wheel with an array of mirrors. Each mirror corresponds to a pixel and reflects light toward or away from the optics, creating an image of up to 1,024 shades of gray. The color wheel then adds the color data to complete the image.

Visual or Auditory Output Device

____ AR headsets
____ Headphones
____ Monitors
____ Printers
____ Projectors
____ Speakers
____ VR headsets

Computer Disassembly

A great way to learn about computers is to disassemble and rebuild one. This section reviews the tools you need to take on this fun task. The one lab for this chapter walks you through disassembling a computer.

The Technician’s Toolkit

The technician’s toolkit includes an antistatic wrist strap and mat, compressed air, an extraction tool, a Philips head screwdriver, a torque screwdriver, a cable tester, and crimpers.

Label the Adapter or Converter

Label each tool in Figure 1-7.

FIGURE 1-7 Technician’s Tools

________________________________________________________________________

Computer Disassembly

Watch the video for this section, Video Demonstration - Computer Disassembly, and complete the lab.

Labs and Activities

Chapter 1, “Introduction to Personal Computer Hardware,” does not include new commands.

1.3.2.2 Lab–Disassemble a Computer

In this lab, you will disassemble a computer using safe lab procedures and the proper tools. Use extreme care and follow all safety procedures. Familiarize yourself with the tools you will be using in this lab.

Recommended Tools

Safety glasses	Part retriever
Antistatic wrist strap	Thermal compound
Antistatic mat	Can of compressed air
Flat head screwdrivers	Cable ties
Phillips head screwdrivers	Parts organizer
Torx screwdrivers	Containers for storing computer parts
Hex driver	Antistatic bags for electronic parts

Instructions

Part 1: Preparation

Step 1: Power Off the Computer. the computer and disconnect the

Turn off the power to the computer and disconnect the power cable from the wall and the power supply.
Step 2: Open the Computer Case.

Locate all the screws that secure the side panels to the back of the computer. Use the proper size and type of screwdriver to remove the side panel screws. Do not remove the screws that secure the power supply to the case. Put all of these screws in one place, such as a compartment in the parts organizer or small cup. Label the compartment or cup with a piece of masking tape on which you have written ‘side panel screws’. Remove the side panels from the case.

If you have a camera or smartphone, take a picture of the inside of the computer case to be used as a reference when reassembling the computer.

NOTE

Some manufacturers do not use screws to fasten components inside of the computer case. Some may use plastic or metal clips that fasten components to the computer chassis. Be careful to remove only screws that are holding components in place, and not the screws that hold components together.

Questions:

What type of screwdriver did you use to remove the screws?

________________________________________________________________________

How many screws secured the side panels?

________________________________________________________________________
Step 3: Antistatic Wrist Strap.

Put on an antistatic wrist strap. Connect one end of the conductor to the wrist strap. Clip the other end of the conductor to an unpainted, metal part of the case.

If you have an antistatic mat, place it on the work surface and put the computer case on top of it. Ground the antistatic mat to an unpainted, metal part of the case.

Part 2: Parts Removal

Step 1: Remove the Hard Drive.
1. Locate the hard drive. Carefully disconnect the power and data cables from the back of the hard drive.
  
  Question:
  
  Which type of data cable did you disconnect?
  
  ________________________________________________________________________
2. Locate all of the screws that hold the hard drive in place. Use the proper size and type of screwdriver to remove the hard drive screws. Put all of these screws in one place and label them.
  
  Question:
  
  What type of screws secured the hard drive to the case?
  
  ________________________________________________________________________
  
  How many screws secured the hard drive to the case?
  
  ________________________________________________________________________
  
  Is the hard drive connected to a mounting bracket? If so, what type of screws secure the hard drive to the mounting bracket?
  
  ________________________________________________________________________
  
  CAUTION
  
  Do NOT remove the screws that hold the hard drive together.
3. Gently remove the hard drive from the case. Look for a jumper reference chart on the hard drive. If there is a jumper installed on the hard drive, use the jumper reference chart to see if the hard drive is set for a Master, Slave, or Cable Select (CS) drive. Place the hard drive in an antistatic bag.
  
  Question:
  
  What is the jumper setting of the hard drive?
  
  ________________________________________________________________________
Step 2: Remove the Optical Drive.
1. Locate the optical drive (Blu-ray, DVD, etc.). Carefully disconnect the power and data cables from the optical drive. Remove the audio cable from the optical drive if there is one connected.
  
  Question:
  
  What kind of data cable did you disconnect?
  
  ________________________________________________________________________
  
  Is there a jumper on the optical drive? What is the jumper setting?
  
  ________________________________________________________________________
2. Locate and remove all of the screws that secure the optical drive to the case. Put all of these screws in one place and label them. Place the optical drive in an antistatic bag.
  
  Question:
  
  How many screws secured the optical drive to the case?
  
  ________________________________________________________________________
Step 3: Remove the Power Supply.
1. Locate the power supply. Find the power connection(s) to the motherboard.
2. Gently remove the power connection(s) from the motherboard.
  
  Question:
  
  How many pins are there in the motherboard connector?
  
  ________________________________________________________________________
3. Disconnect the power cables from any case fans.
4. Disconnect the power cable from the video card if it requires one.
5. Disconnect any other power supply cables from where they were connected.
  
  Question:
  
  If there were additional cables disconnected, to what were they connected?
  
  ________________________________________________________________________
6. Locate and remove all of the screws that secure the power supply to the case. Put all of these screws in one place and label them.
  
  Question:
  
  How many screws secure the power supply to the case?
  
  ________________________________________________________________________
7. Carefully remove the power supply from the case. Place the power supply with the other computer components.
Step 4: Remove Adapter Cards.
1. Locate any adapter cards that are installed in the computer, such as a video, NIC, or sound card.
2. Locate and remove the screw that secures the adapter card to the case. Put the adapter card screws in one place and label them.
3. Carefully remove the adapter card from the slot. Be sure to hold the adapter card by the mounting bracket or by the edges. Place the adapter card in an antistatic bag. Repeat this process for all of the adapter cards.
  
  Note: Be very careful when removing video adapters. There is often a locking tab on the slot that must be released before the card can be removed.
4. List the adapter cards and the slot types below.
  
  Adapter Card
  
  Slot Type
Step 5: Remove Memory Modules.
1. Locate the memory modules on the motherboard.
  
  Questions:
  
  What type of memory modules are installed on the motherboard?
  
  ________________________________________________________________________
  
  How many memory modules are installed on the motherboard?
  
  ________________________________________________________________________
2. Remove the memory modules from the motherboard. Be sure to release any locking tabs that may be securing the memory module. Hold the memory module by the edges and gently lift out of the slot. Put the memory modules in an antistatic bag.
Step 6: Remove Data Cables.
1. Remove all data cables from the motherboard. Make sure to note the connection location of any cable you disconnect.
  
  Question:
  
  What types of cables were disconnected?
  
  ________________________________________________________________________
2. You have completed this lab. The computer case should contain the motherboard, the CPU, and any cooling devices. Do not remove additional components.

Adapter Card	Slot Type

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